Wildlife rehabilitation is a complex field, where a seemingly endless amount of information must be mastered in order to become a competent and skilled wildlife rehabilitator. Wildlife rehabilitators need to learn how to care for hundreds of species, each with their own unique requirements. It is natural to feel overwhelmed as a new wildlife rehabilitator. However, you don’t need to know everything in order to have a good foundational knowledge of wildlife rehabilitation practices. In order to provide basic, quality care to patients, wildlife rehabilitators must understand three key concepts: warmth, hydration, and stress.
Warmth
Maintaining an appropriate body temperature is critical for all life on Earth. A hypothermic patient is unable to benefit from care while its low body temperature is left untreated. If you attempt to feed a hypothermic patient, it is unlikely to be able to process the nutrition well and the feeding may even lead to the patient’s death. It is crucial to bring a patient’s body temperature to its ideal range before administering other forms of care. This can be done using an incubator, warm towels, and/or heating pads. Hypothermia is common in new wildlife patients, but hyperthermia can also occur. Understanding the normal body temperature ranges for species that you treat, and how to properly measure temperature, is essential for providing quality care.
Hydration
Dehydration is very common in new wildlife patients. It is critical that patients are sufficiently rehydrated before they are started on a feeding and medication regimen. Hydration can be assed using a variety of methods, from skin tenting to observing saliva consistency. The way in which you rehydrate a patient will depend on their condition. For example, a comatose patient should never be given fluids orally due to risk of aspiration, while a hypothermic patient should not be given subcutaneous fluids, as that can lead to a further drop in body temperature. Hydration should be regularly assessed for all patients throughout their entire rehabilitation process.
Stress
Undergoing rehabilitative care as a wild animal is inherently extremely stressful. Not only is stress unenjoyable, it has also been shown to reduce an animal’s ability to heal. Thus, the more stress that an animal is under while in care, the longer it will take for it to recover, and the more it will suffer. It is vital that we take every possible step to reduce the stress in our patients as much as possible. Stress can be reduced in many ways. Some examples include providing visual barriers (for example, sheets over patient enclosures so that they cannot see human caregivers every time their enclosure is passed by), reducing handling time as much as possible, speaking as little as possible while in earshot of patients, providing suitable enclosures that mimic the patient’s natural habitat, and providing housing with conspecifics or closely related species. Additionally, animals should be released as soon as they are ready to return to the wild. It is unethical to retain a fully healed patient for several days or weeks, simply because a release date hasn’t been set.
Understanding the importance of warmth, hydration, and a low-stress environment is critical for successful wildlife rehabilitation. These three concepts should be front and center in your mind for each patient you care for, from the moment they arrive to the time they are returned to freedom. We will be providing an in-depth class on each of these topics in the future, so stay tuned!
So, you are interested in become a wildlife rehabilitator, but you aren’t sure what the best way to begin is. This article will discuss everything you need to know to get started.
The best (and really, only) way to get started on your journey in wildlife rehabilitation is to become a volunteer at a wildlife rehabilitation center. This opportunity for continual hands-on learning is simply critical for developing your skills as a wildlife rehabilitator. Use Google search, or websites such as Animal Help Now, to find nearby wildlife rehabilitation centers. Once you’ve found their website, look for a volunteer information or contact page, and you are on your way! Often times, wildlife rehabilitation centers in the US require a commitment of 4 hours per week during a certain day (for example, Tuesday shifts from 1-5pm every week). However, every center is different and the specifics will be discussed with you during or before your volunteer orientation date.
Placing a band on a Brown Pelican who was admitted to our clinic for rehabilitation. The head is covered with a sheet to reduce stress.
While volunteering remains essential to learn how to be a proficient wildlife rehabilitator, you may wish to supplement your experience with formal education and/or internships.
In general, most wildlife rehabilitation centers only require that you have experience as a volunteer in order to become a paid staff member, though some do require additional formal training. Educational pathways to consider include veterinary technician licensure and/or earning a Bachelor’s of Science Degree in wildlife biology or a similar field.
Veterinary technician: Schooling can be completed in 2 years and can be done online with an in-person externship. For Americans, consider schools such as Penn Foster, Ashworth College, or San Juan College (all of those are online based with an in person externship). There are also community colleges that offer veterinary technician training in person- use Google search or the Vet Technicians website to find one in your area. You will learn relevant medical theory and techniques, though these courses focus on domestic species, so not all coursework will be applicable to wildlife rehabilitation.
Bachelor of Science Degree: Look for options in wildlife biology or similar fields. This would give helpful background knowledge of conservation concepts and wildlife physiology (depending on the specific degree) and is required by some employers, however it is not a necessity in most cases.
Supplemental self-education: Be wary of educational texts that are not written by credible sources. A reputable source of educational books can be found on the the National Wildlife Rehabilitator’s Association website here. Additionally, the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council holds several short courses, both in-person and online, on wildlife rehabilitation concepts and techniques, which can be accessed here.
Our own textbook, An Introduction to Aquatic Bird Rehabilitation
Many wildlife rehabilitation centers offer internship oppurtunities. Internships generally have more intensive time commitment requirements than volunteering positions. Internships can be great if you are interested in volunteering or working at a specific wildlife center. For example, if you have a great interest in seabirds, you may find it valuable to intern for a season at a seabird-specific rehabilitation center to increase your experience with that animal group. Interning at a generalist center can also be a great experience where you take on more responsibility and accelerate your training.
Lastly, you may be considering finding a job in a related field before making the leap to work full-time in wildlife rehabilitation. One example of a job that can give you applicable medical experience is working as a veterinary assistant in a veterinary clinic that serves domestic species.
A Pacific Pond Turtle makes their way in thieir own time back to the wild!
If your goal is to one day be hired as a wildlife rehabilitator, consider checking wildlife rehabilitation job boards such as this one, and have a look at what different centers are listing as their requirements for positions you are interested in. That will help you to know what you need to do in order to become eligible for such positions in the future.
In closing, there are many opportunities to help you along your path of becoming a wildlife rehabilitator, but it is important not to forget that spending 1+ years volunteering at your local wildlife rehabilitation center really is the essential first step.
[editor’s note: Please welcome Soro Cyrene as a new voice across all the platforms HWCC/bax and BAX use across the digital world! Also, please note that all of the material in this video and article is intended for permitted wildlife rehabilitators engaged in the daily work of providing care to orphaned and injured wild animals in accordance with laws of their community, state, province and nation.]
As wildlife rehabilitators, it is critically important that we uphold strong ethical standards in our daily practices. What gives us the ethical right to rehabilitate wildlife? What agencies give us the permission to do so? How can wildlife be cared for in a way that is moral, and how do our own moral compasses affect the way that we care for these wild being? We will be exploring these questions and more in this written workshop. To begin, a quote from Henry Beston’s The Outermost House:
“We need another, and a wiser, and perhaps a more mystical concept of animals. Remote from universal nature and living by complicated artifice, man in civilization surveys the creature through the glass of his knowledge and sees thereby a feather magnified and the whole image in distortion. We patronize them for their incompleteness, for their tragic fate for having taken form so far below ourselves. And therein do we err. For the animal shall not be measured by man. In a world older and more complete than ours, they move finished and complete, gifted with the extension of the senses we have lost or never attained, living by voices we shall never hear. They are not brethren, they are not underlings: they are other nations, caught with ourselves in the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and travail of the earth.”
Henry Beston, The Outermost House
What underlies this quotation is the idea that we, humans, are not the gatekeepers of what it means to be a wild being. It is important to remember, always, that wild animals are deserving both of respect and the right to be wild, and the decisions that we make for them in the realm of wildlife rehabilitation must always be governed by what is in the animal’s true best interest.
Release of a rehabilitated Common Loon
What is wildlife rehabilitaton?
Wildlife rehabilitation is the practice of admitting into care an injured, ill, or orphaned wild animal in order to treat the injury or illness, or to raise until able to be released back to a wild and free life.
In this line of work, our job is to do just that, as well as to end suffering when need be.
What agencies regulate wildlife rehabilitation?
There are several governing agencies that regulate how wildlife rehabilitators operate, and they differ somewhat depending on which state and country you live in. The following laws and agencies are generally applicable to most wildlife rehabilitators:
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act: An international treaty that outlaws the taking of birds. It prohibits the possession of birds, bodies of birds, parts of birds, and property of birds, such as nests. What this means for wildlife rehabilitators in the United States is that we must acquire a permit from the federal government, specifically the US Fish and Wildlife Service, in order to treat birds.
State Agencies: Generally, most of the other (non-bird) animals that we may treat in a wildlife rehab setting are regulated by state agencies, such as the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, or the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, etc. The state agency will have a fish and game code that dictate what is allowed in wildlife rehabilitation facilities. Included in this code is a Memorandum of Understanding, a set of rules for wildlife rehab conduct that were written in order to ensure that the practice is as ethical as possible. See an example of the California Memorandum of Understanding here: https://www.nativeanimalrescue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/MOU-2020-2023-CA-Dept-of-Fish-and-Wildlife.pdf
The National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association and the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council: These two organizations are important leaders in wildlife rehabilitation and ensuring that rehabbers around the world are working within the frame of high ethical standards. Together, they wrote the Minimum Standards, a document that states the minimum standards of care for wildlife in rehabilitation that has been adopted by many states as their fish and game code. The Minimum Standards can be viewed with the following link: https://theiwrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Standards-4th-Ed-2012-final.pdf
A Barn Own receiving an intake exam at our hospital
The Minimum Standards begins with a Code of Ethics:
A wildlife rehabilitator should strive to achieve high standards of animal care through knowledge and an understanding of the field. Continuing efforts must be made to keep informed of current rehabilitation information, methods, and regulations.
A wildlife rehabilitator should be responsible, conscientious, and dedicated, and should continuously work toward improving the quality of care given to wild animals undergoing rehabilitation.
A wildlife rehabilitator must abide by local, state, provincial and federal laws concerning wildlife, wildlife rehabilitation, and associated activities.
A wildlife rehabilitator should establish safe work habits and conditions, abiding by current health and safety practices at all times.
A wildlife rehabilitator should acknowledge limitations and enlist the assistance of a veterinarian or other trained professional when appropriate.
A wildlife rehabilitator should respect other rehabilitators and persons in related fields, sharing skills and knowledge in the spirit of cooperation for the welfare of the animals.
A wildlife rehabilitator should place optimum animal care above personal gain.
A wildlife rehabilitator should strive to provide professional and humane care in all phases of wildlife rehabilitation, respecting the wildness and maintaining the dignity of each animal in life and in death. Releasable animals should be maintained in a wild condition and released as soon as appropriate. Non-releasable animals which are inappropriate for education, foster-parenting, or captive breeding have a right to euthanasia.
A wildlife rehabilitator should encourage community support and involvement through volunteer training and public education. The common goal should be to promote a responsible concern for living beings and the welfare of the environment.
A wildlife rehabilitator should work on the basis of sound ecological principles, incorporating appropriate conservation ethics and an attitude of stewardship.
A wildlife rehabilitator should conduct all business and activities in a professional manner, with honesty, integrity, compassion, and commitment, realizing that an individual’s conduct reflects on the entire field of wildlife rehabilitation.
Lastly, many states have professional organizations of wildlife rehabilitators, such as the California Council of Wildlife Rehabilitators, or the Washington Wildlife Rehabilitation Association. These organizations do important work in improving standards for wildlife care. If you have one of these organizations in your state, you should be involved with it in some capacity.
A fox receiving medication at our hospital
Ethics in the Clinic
An important thing to remember in wildlife rehabilitaiton is that we are treating our wild patients without their consent. There is no possible way that they could (or likely ever would) give us their consent to hold them captive while they undergo rehabilitation. The process of rehabilitation is undeniably greatly stressful to our patients. The only thing that justifies rehabilitaiton is our promise to give them a second chance at their wild life that they would not have otherwise, or to end their suffering if that is not possible.
Having respect for our patients is obviously critical, but what does having respect for our patients mean, exactly? One aspect of having respect for our patients is to understand deeply the stress, fear, and suffering that they are enduring from being in captivity. Thus, when an animal responds to us with signs of fear, such as warning vocalizations, struggling against capture, and other defensive behaviors, it is important to see this for what it is: suffering. It is not the animal being cute or extra feisty, as some people might say. Being able to empathize with our patients and understand that their signs of stress are never to be considered endearing is important for maintaining our own high ethical standards.
Ways to reduce stress in patients
Visual barriers: Wild animals have instincts to fear humans. Thus, we should do all that we can to reduce their exposure to us while they are in care. Provide patients with a visual barrier in their enclosure whenever possible, such as placing a pillow case or sheet across the enclosure so that the animal can not see you when you walk around the area that they are being housed in.
Minimize handling: Only handle the patient when necessary for cleaning purposes, feeding, medicating, or similar. Handle the patient for as short of a time as possible to do the job well.
Noise: Reduce noise as much as possible. Do not talk with your coworkers while you are handling or near a patient unless it is necessary. Voices should always be kept low while inside the hospital, regardless of what room you are in. Be mindful to walk in a reasonably quiet manner when inside the hospital.
Colors: Some animals may be stressed out simply by being exposed to visual stimuli that they have not encountered in the natural world. I once worked with a volunteer who was attempting, unsuccessfully, to feed a baby bird while wearing several bangles and a neon colored sweatshirt. When she removed the bangles and changed into a neutral-toned shirt, the bird young started eating without hesitation. Try to surround your patients with colors and textures that they would find in their natural environments as much as possible.
Enrichment: Provide your patients with natural items that they seek out in the wild, such as tree branches, leaves, bark slabs, and so on. Research the natural history of your patients to get a better understanding of what enrichment might be best for them, as what will be best differs between species.
A recent release of a fawn who was orphaned and raised at our center
Imprinting and Habituation
If we are not careful to avoid it, sometimes young wild patient may imprint on us caregivers, meaning that they lose, sometimes permanently, the ability to identify with their own species. While imprinting can only happen with younglings, habituation can happen with a patient of any age. Both rob the patient of the ability to live out their lives in a truly wild and free way and should be absolutely avoided. Some methods of reducing the risk of imprinting and habituation include:
Puppetsand mirrors: Adding puppets or plushies that look like the patient can be beneficial. Mirrors can be added to the enclosures of young solitary patients to allow them to see what their own species looks like, and to help them feel less alone.
Disguises: Wearing a disguise to obscure the human face and form can prevent a patient from imprinting and/or becoming habituated. You will have to be creative with your disguises. When I worked with cormorants, I would wear a large black sheet draped over my head during feedings that completely hid my humanness, encouraging the cormorants to instead associate food with a vague form of their own color (a disguise learned during my time at SANCCOB). We cannot dress up to look exactly like the animal. The idea is to hide our human features and add something (a color, a texture, etc) that is like them. It would be extremely impractical to wear different disguises for different creatures all day long, so we need to decide when it is critically important to use disguises. These extra measures are important particularly for young and impressionable patients, and patients who will be in care for a longer period of time.
Housing with the same or similar species: While some species are solitary and should be rehabilitated as such, most species benefit greatly from being housed together with others who are like them. You may need to collaborate with other nearby wildlife rehab centers in order to accomplish this. If you have only one young mallard, for example, reach out to other centers near you to see if they also have young mallards in care. Those patients can be united and rehabilitated together at the same center, resulting in a better outcome for the young mallard.
Renesting and wild foster parenting: Getting patients back into wild nests when possible should always receive high consideration.
Reduce exposure to human caregivers: Again, visual barriers and noise reduction
Euthanasia
Euthanasia is inseparable from ethical wildlife rehabilitaiton. Wild animals have a right to freedom. We do not have the right to impose permanent captivity on wild animals. If a patient cannot be rehabilitated and released back to its wild and free life, its suffering should be ended humanely. There are different schools of thought on this topic, and keeping unreleasable former patients as educational animals is commonly practiced in American wildlife rehabilitation centers. However, there are real ethical considerations and concerns regarding this practice that should be acknowledged and examined by each rehabilitator who will be making life and death decisions for their wild patients.
Euthanasia is defined as a quick, painless, and humane death. There are different methods of euthanasia, and the best choice of method will be different in different circumstances. A common euthanasia protocol consists of both inhalent anesthetics and injectable drugs. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) has published euthanasia guidelines that all rehabilitators should be familiar with, which can be viewed using this link: https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/avma-policies/avma-guidelines-euthanasia-animals
Treating Non-native Species
There are two main schools of thought on the topic of treating non-native species. One is that all animals are deserving of care and rehabilitation. Some might argue that as humans are certainly the most invasive and damaging species on the planet, the fact that we still check ourselves into the hospital when we are sick means it is only right that we treat non-native species as well. The other common opinion is that only native species should be rehabilitated, and non-natives brought in for care should be euthanized due to their detrimental effect on the environment. Some non-native species do have notably detrimental effects on the environment and surrounding native species, while others have relatively benign effects. It is encouraged that rehabiltiators seek out information using scientific journals to better understand the different effects that various common non-native species have on their surroundings. This is a topic that all rehabilitators should think deeply about. Ensure that you come to your own conclusion of what you believe to be right and don’t blindly accept the opinions of others.
The release of a Ring-tailed Cat patient
This article just scratches the surface of what it means to do wildlife rehabilitation ethically. Improving our practices and methods is something that never ends. We should always seek to continue learning, both from fellow wildlife rehabbers and from our own patients, to make our process of wildlife rehabilitation more ethical for the wild creatures who we have the unique and humbling experience of crossing paths with so often.
The Wildlife Ethics workshop was written by Monte Merrick, and this article was written by Soro Cyrene.
